Personitas Roh Kudus dalam Kekristenan Awal: Analisis Biblika dan Historis terhadap Perdebatan Binitarianisme dan Trinitarianisme

Authors

  • Andre Akijuwen, Jr Sekolah Tinggi Theologi IKAT Jakarta Author
  • Telda Anita Toar Sekolah Tinggi Theologi IKAT Jakarta Author

Keywords:

Binitarianisme, Kekristenan Awal, Personitas Roh Kudus, Perjanjian Baru, Trinitarianisme

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis personitas Roh Kudus dalam kekristenan awal melalui kajian biblika dan historis terhadap perdebatan antara binitarianisme dan trinitarianisme. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan analisis biblika, studi historis teologi, serta kajian filologis terhadap istilah-istilah yang berkaitan dengan Roh Kudus dalam teks Perjanjian Baru dan tulisan gereja awal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teks-teks Perjanjian Baru menggambarkan Roh Kudus melalui tindakan-tindakan yang bersifat personal, seperti mengajar, memimpin, dan memberi karunia rohani. Namun, dalam perkembangan teologi gereja awal, konsep tersebut belum langsung dirumuskan secara sistematis sehingga memunculkan perdebatan teologis antara pandangan binitarian dan trinitarian. Perdebatan ini menunjukkan bahwa pemahaman mengenai Roh Kudus berkembang melalui proses refleksi teologis yang bertahap dalam sejarah gereja. Penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya pendekatan yang mengintegrasikan analisis biblika, historis, dan linguistik untuk memahami perkembangan pneumatologi dalam tradisi Kristen awal.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

  • Andre Akijuwen, Jr, Sekolah Tinggi Theologi IKAT Jakarta

    Mahasiswa Program Studi S2 Pendidikan Agama Kristen (PAK), Sekolah Tinggi Teologi IKAT

  • Telda Anita Toar, Sekolah Tinggi Theologi IKAT Jakarta

    Mahasiswa Program Studi S2 Teologi, Sekolah Tinggi Teologi IKAT

References

Anatolios, K. (2011). Retrieving Nicaea: The development and meaning of Trinitarian doctrine. Baker Academic. https://books.google.com/books?id=Qv1YDwAAQBAJ

Banda, C. (2020). Mediating God’s relationality? A trinitarian perichoretic critique of the reliance on anointed objects in African neo-Pentecostalism. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 76(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v76i1.5856

Bernard, D. K. (2024). Paul’s Christology in the Corinthian Letters. Religions, 15(6), 721. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15060721

Brill, A. A. (2022). A Jewish view of contemporary ideas of the Trinity. Modern Theology, 39(2), 307–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/moth.12825

Brooks, A. J. (2020). Breathing forth the Word: Yves Congar’s articulation of the activity of the Holy Spirit in the life of Christ. New Blackfriars, 101(1092), 196–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/nbfr.12545

Coman, V. (2022). Orthodox neo-patristic theology and the West. Journal of Eastern Christian Studies, 74(3–4), 262–278. https://doi.org/10.1163/17831520-20220021

Diboro, P. K.-E., & Blewusi, B. (2021). https://doi.org/10.38159/ehass.20212121

Ford, D. F. (2023). “Receive the Holy Spirit”. Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology, 77(4), 358–368. https://doi.org/10.1177/00209643231184850

Grassi, M. (2022). The Holy Spirit and ecclesiological political theology. Estudios Eclesiásticos, 97(380), 145–180. https://doi.org/10.14422/ee.v97.i380.y2022.005

Hasker, W. (2021). The Trinity and the New Testament, a counter-challenge to Dale Tuggy. European Journal for Philosophy of Religion, 13(1), 179–199. https://philpapers.org/archive/HASTTA-3.pdf

Hermanin de Reichenfeld, G. (2022). The subordination of the Holy Spirit: A Johannine category. Modern Theology, 38(2), 282–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/moth.12773

Hurtado, L. W. (2003). Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in earliest Christianity. Eerdmans. https://books.google.com/books?id=9Kc3AwAAQBAJ

Juriček, M. (2020). A biblical theology of the baptism in the Holy Spirit. Kairos, 14(2), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.32862/k.14.2.3

Kirabaev, N. S., & Chistyakova, O. (2023). The human being in the Eastern Church Fathers and Al-Ghazali’s philosophical theology. Religions, 14(7), 854. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14070854

Marakhovska, E. V. (2020). Traditional and modern pneumatological research. Culture of Ukraine, 69. https://doi.org/10.31516/2410-5325.069.02

McGrath, A. E. (2022). The doctrine of the Trinity: Intellectual construct or ontological reality? International Journal of Systematic Theology, 26(1), 70–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijst.12612

Robeck, C. M. (2025). “We believe in the Holy Spirit”. The Ecumenical Review, 77(1–2), 120–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/erev.12903

Rumbay, C. A. (2022). Cinderella pneumatology as an intercultural discussion. Kurios, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.30995/kur.v8i2.564

Schaab, G. L. (2023). Liberation pneumatology: On the unfettered work of the Holy Spirit in the world. The Heythrop Journal, 64(3), 383–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/heyj.14192

Sivasubramanian, D. M. (2020). Norming the norm of relationality. Jurnal Jaffray, 18(1), 36. https://ojs.sttjaffray.ac.id/JJV71/article/download/419/pdf_197

Smiles, A. J., & Rao, P. V. (2020). Holy Trinity and the Arian controversy. International Journal of Advanced Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology, 6(6), 46–48. https://doi.org/10.36106/ijar/4114732

Szymik, J. (2022). Spirit-ual word-for-wordness. Studia Pelplińskie, 56, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.12775/splp.2022.025

Tiantang, R. (2023). A wisdom-pneumatology. International Journal of Sino-Western Studies, 24. https://doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.24.312

Venter, R. (2022). Considering the doctrine of God. Acta Theologica, Supplement 34, 1–18. https://journals.ufs.ac.za/index.php/at/article/download/6922/4603

Vondey, W. (2020). Holy Spirit before Christianity. The Expository Times, 131(10), 465–466. https://doi.org/10.1177/0014524620925611

Walton, J. (2020). Review of Hurtado. Review & Expositor, 117(1), 151–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034637319897631

Wilhite, D. E. (2025). How high was Paul’s angel? The Expository Times, 136(10), 421–443. https://doi.org/10.1177/00145246251346747

Yankyera, P. (2023). Role of the Holy Spirit in Luke 4:18–19. Pentecostalism, Charismaticism and Neo-Prophetic Movements Journal, 13–24. https://doi.org/10.38159/pecanep.2023421

Yulanda, A., et al. (2024). https://doi.org/10.55606/lumen.v3i2.388

Zahl, S. (2022). The Holy Spirit and Christian experience. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827788.001.0001

Downloads

Published

2026-03-30

Issue

Vol. 2 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal Phos Φ; Journal of Christian Interdenominational Theology (March)

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Andre Akijuwen, Jr, Telda Anita Toar (Penulis)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

License Terms

The work published in this journal is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). This means that:

  • Attribution (BY): You are free to share, copy, redistribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, for noncommercial purposes only, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s), provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.

  • Non-Commercial Use (NC): You may not use the material for commercial purposes. Commercial use means the material is not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation.

  • ShareAlike (SA): If you modify, remix, or adapt the material, you must license the modified material under identical terms, meaning that your adaptations must also be licensed under the same Creative Commons license (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).

  • Non-Exclusivity: The author retains the right to use the work in other publications, presentations, or personal use, provided proper attribution is given.

  • No Additional Restrictions: You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.

  • Licensor: The original author(s) of the work are the licensor(s), who grant you the rights outlined in this license.

  • License Link: For more information on the terms of this license, please visit Creative Commons

How to Cite

Personitas Roh Kudus dalam Kekristenan Awal: Analisis Biblika dan Historis terhadap Perdebatan Binitarianisme dan Trinitarianisme. (2026). Phos Φ, 2(1), 21-28. https://journal.ibas.us/index.php/Phos/article/view/63

Share

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >>